Prose
Front
For how to deal with the front matter see See the Front Matter page for more detailed information.
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Body
Prose includes novels, shorts stories, essays, etc.
The body will always generally take the following structure (with a few exceptions):
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- body
- div type="chapter"
- any of the below tags needed to encode the text
- div
- body
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There are several main tags that we use to mark up the structural elements of prose.
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Divisions
The chapter or division title, including markers such as Chapter II or Section III. All division tags will have a type attribute. The value of the type attribute will be one of following:
- chapter
- lecture
- letter
- essay
If none of these value correctly describe the section of text you are encoding, follow the directions in the Division Type Problem page.
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<div type=chapter>
<pb n="4"/>
<head>CHAPTER II</head>
<head>THE SEPARATION</head>
Chapters are designated using divs, marked with an ID. The ID is formulated by ADD. The <div> tag encloses a chapter. Chapter titles (headings) are indicated using a <head> tag. Page breaks come within the chapter <div>. Chapters are the sections of a text directly below books, generally speaking.
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Headings
See VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines for more information about headings.
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h4. Paragraphs
Paragraphs are marked with a <p> tag. Paragraphs can be marked virtually anywhere in the text to mark a prose block. Paragraphs include <pb/> (page breaks), lists and tables. Paragraphs are extremely versatile and are used in a wide variety of text encoding situations. Generally speaking, if something is written as a paragraph, it can be marked as such. <div> tags cannot come within paragraphs, but <list> tags, <figure> tags, <pb/> tags, <note> tags, and many others can come within <p> tags. So, for instance, if a paragraph is broken up by a blank page and an image, as shown below, you do not need to close the paragraph to include these features. This allows you to maintain bibliographic accuracy.
{code:xml}<p>
Another feature was boats large and small, and junks, some
laboriously tracked or rowed like my own, when the wind failed,
against the powerful stream, or descending, keeping the
necessary steerage headway by crowds of standing men on the low
deck, facing forwards, vigorously working great sweeps or
yulows, five or ten at each, the gorge echoing all along its
length to the rise and fall of the wild chants to which the
rowers keep time and which are only endurable when softened by
distance. After some hours of this region of magic and mystery,
near sunset we emerged into open water, with broken picturesque
shores, and at dusk tied up in a pebbly bay with glorious views
of mountain and woodland, not far from the beautiful village of
Nan-to, and the <q type="term">"needle"</q> or <q type="term">"pillar"</q> of heaven, well known
to the dwellers in Ichang. The Ichang gorge is about twelve
miles long; the Niu-kan, grander yet, about three; the Mitan
about three and a half; the Wushan about twenty; and the
Feng-hsiang, or <q type="term">"Wind Box,"</q> the last of the great gorges,
about four. These are the great gorges.
</p>
{code}
{code:xml}<p>With a strong, fair wind our sail was set; the creak and swish
of the oars was exchanged for the low music of the river as it
parted under our prow; and the deep water (from fifty to a
hundred feet), of a striking bottle-green colour, was unbroken
by a swirl or ripple, and slid past in a grand, full volume.
The stillness was profound, enlivened only as some big junk
with lowered mast glided past us at great speed, the fifty or
sixty
<pb n="107"/>
<note resp="BM" type="bibliographic">
Page 107 is a blank verso.
</note>
<pb n="108"/>
<figure>Divisions are often indicated by a chapter, section, etc. of a book. Nest as many divisions as necessary to properly represent the structure of the text (e.g., chapters, sections, etc.). Be sure to maintain consistency among the levels of division within the body (e.g., all chapters occur as first-level divisions, section as second-level, etc.).
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<div type="chapter">
<head>1. Chapter Title</head>
<p>Chapter prose ...</p>
<div type="section">
<head>1.1 Chapter Section Title</head>
<p>Chapter section prose ...</p>
</div>
</div>
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All division tags will have a type attribute. The value of the type attribute will be one of following:
- chapter
- section
- lecture
- letter
- essay
- story (used to demarcate short stories)
- book
- pamphlet
- notes
- dedication
If none of these value correctly describe the section of text you are encoding, document the nature of the division in the VWWP Encoding Problems page.
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<div type=chapter>
<pb n="4"/>
<head>CHAPTER II</head>
<head>THE SEPARATION</head>
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Headings
See VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines for more information about headings.
Paragraphs
Paragraphs are marked with a <p> tag. Paragraphs can be marked virtually anywhere in the text to mark a prose block. Paragraphs include <pb/> (page breaks), lists and tables. Paragraphs are extremely versatile and are used in a wide variety of text encoding situations. Generally speaking, if something is written as a paragraph, it can be marked as such. <div> tags cannot come within paragraphs, but <list> tags, <figure> tags, <pb/> tags, <note> tags, and many others can come within <p> tags. For instance, if a paragraph is broken up by a blank page and an image, as shown below, you do not need to close the paragraph to include these features. This allows you to faithfully represent the text.
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<p>With a strong, fair wind our sail was set; the creak and swish
of the oars was exchanged for the low music of the river as it
parted under our prow; and the deep water (from fifty to a
hundred feet), of a striking bottle-green colour, was unbroken
by a swirl or ripple, and slid past in a grand, full volume.
The stillness was profound, enlivened only as some big junk
with lowered mast glided past us at great speed, the fifty or
sixty
<pb n="107"/>
<pb n="108"/>
<figure>
<p>
"Entrance to Ichang Gorge."
</p>
</figure>
<pb n="109"/>
men at the sweeps raising a wild chant in keeping with the
scene. Scuds of snow, wild, white clouds whirling round
pinnacles, and desolate snow-clothed mountains, apparently
blocking further progress, added to the enchantment.
</p>
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Floating Texts
Often in prose texts you may encounter an "embedded" or floating text in the form of a letter, poem, journal entry, song, etc. Floating texts such as these have a complete structure that interrupts the flow of the main text that require the use of the <floatingText> tag. For example, letters and journal entries (see detailed description below have an opener and body; letters usually have closers, and a poem may be quoted in its entirety, with a title, epigraph, etc.
Floating texts are contained within a division of text (see example below) and may have one of the following division types (e.g., <div type="letter">):
- article (e.g., journal or newspaper article)
- letter
- poem
- journal
- song
If you encounter another genre, do not assign a "type" attribute. Please document this in the VWWP Encoding Problems page for review and later designation.
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<div type="chapter">
<pb xml:id="VAA2383_126" n="118"/>
<head>CHAPTER XIV</head>
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<head>MAURICE LEVY'S CONSTITUTION</head>
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<p>"<said who="#maurice"><hi rend="b">L</hi>O, SAM!</ |
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said>" said Maurice cautiously.
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h4. Photographs, Graphics, and other Images
See [VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines|VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines#fig] for more information about photographs, graphics and other images.
{anchor:list}
h4. Lists
See [VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines|VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines#li] for more information about lists.
{anchor:table}
h4. Tables
See [VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines|VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines#table] for more information about tables.
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h4. Quotes
Quotes are denoted by quotation marks. Only text that comes within quotation marks will be marked as a quotation for the purposes of encoding. There are two types of quotes: quotes that are external to the text and quotes that are internal. The [quote|http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-quote.html] element is used for passages that are external to the text, like a reference to a study or another book.\[Internal quotes are quotes that are from inside the text (e.g., character speeches or thoughts, notes written by characters, or terms used in the book) and have various TEI elements to represent them.
[External|#external]
[Internal|#internal]
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"<said who="#maurice">What you doin'?</said>"</p>
<p>Penrod at that instant had a singular experiencean intellectual shock like a flash
of fire in the brain. Sitting in darkness, a great light flooded him with wild brilliance. He
gasped!</p>
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<p>"<said who="#maurice">What you doin'?</said>" asked Maurice for the third time,
Sam Williams not having decided upon a reply.</p>
<pb xml:id="VAA2383_127" n="119"/>
<p>It was Penrod who answered.</p>
<p>"<said who="#penrod">Drinkin' lickrish water</said>," he said simply, and wiped his mouth with such delicious enjoyment
that Sam's jaded thirst was instantly stimulated. He took the bottle eagerly from Penrod.</p>
<p>"<said who="#penrod">A-a-h!</said>" exclaimed Penrod,
smacking his lips. "<said who="#penrod">That was a good un!</said>"</p>
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<p>Penrod uttered some muffled words and then waved both armseither in response or as an
expression of his condition of mind; it may have been a gesture of despair. How much intention
there was in this actobviously so rash, considering the position he occupiedit is impossible to
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there must remain a suspicion of deliberate purpose.</p>
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<pb xml:id="VAA2383_138" n="130"/>
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again and handed him the following communication,
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<p>Dear madam Please excuse |
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me from dancing the cotilo with you
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I have fell off the barn.</p>
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<signed><hi rend="sc">Penrod Schofield.</hi></signed>
</closer>
</div>
</body>
</floatingText>
</div>
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Notes
See VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines for more information about encoding notes (footnote, endnotes, etc.).
Photographs, Graphics, and other Images
See VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines for more information about photographs, graphics and other images.
Lists
See VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines for more information about lists.
Tables
See VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines for more information about tables.
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Quotes
Quotes are denoted by quotation marks, which will be retained in the text. Only text that comes within quotation marks will be marked as a quotation for the purposes of encoding. There are two types of quotes: quotes that are external to the text and quotes that are internal. The quote element is used for passages that are external to the text, like a reference to a study or another book. Internal quotes are quotes occur inside the text (e.g., character speeches or thoughts or notes written by characters) and have various TEI elements to represent them.
External
Internal
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Quotes that are External to the Text: Outside Sources and Other References
Quotes that come from outside the text are marked by first using a <cit> tag, to denote an external citation. Within the <cit> tag there are two smaller parts, <quote> and <bibl>. <quote> encompasses the body of the quote, or actual quoted text. The <bibl> tag encompasses any bibliographic reference given that identifies the source of the text, such as a title or author. For a more comprehensive discussion of the <bibl> tag, please see the <bibl> section of the official TEI P5 guidelines. Quotes can also be marked with other tags, for instance, inside the <quote> tag, you can have an <l> tag to denote a line of poetry.
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<cit>
<quote>
<l>Parted without the least regret,</l>
<l>Except that they had ever met.</l>
<l>* * * *</l>
<l>Misses, the tale that I relate,</l>
<l>This lesson seems to carry:</l>
<l>Choose not alone a proper mate,</l>
<l>But proper time to marry!</l>
</quote>
<bibl>
<author>Cowper,</author>
<title level="a">Pairing Time anticipated</title>
</bibl>
</cit>
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<cit>
<quote>
"To be or not to be?"
</quote>
<bibl>
<author>Shakespeare,</author>
<title level="a">Hamlet</title>
</bibl>
</cit>
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<p>
There are three main female characters in The Great Gatsby, Myrtle Wilson, Jordan Baker and Daisy Buchanan. When
<cit>
<bibl>
<author>Fitzgerald</author>
says,
</bibl>
<quote>"it takes two to make an accident,"</quote>
</cit>
one wonders to which of these women he is referring.
</p>
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Quotes that are Internal to the Text: Thought, Speech, Writing
Quotations in the text that indicate speech, thought, writing, etc. by one or more characters is marked by the various TEI elements.
Specialized tags are provided to indicate the various types of internal quotations, but for this project we will only use a subset of the possible tags:
- <said>: Use to indicate passages thought or spoken aloud
- When
<said> is used, the who attribute is required. To facilitate the use of the who attribute, be sure you first record the
person in the TEI Header following the instructions under the prosopography section. This will generate a pick list for the who attribute (to minimize errors and ensure consistency).
- <q> is used when someone is being quoted, but it's not an actual <said>. The use of <q> is kinda mushy, but here's a good example:
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<p>When, for instance, <persName ref="#maurice">Mr Maurice</persName> tells us that
<q who="#maurice">'the end of education itself is, as it has always been considered, to
form a nation of liv- ing, orderly men,'</q> the definition will be accepted, with the
tacit reservation that it applies only to men, in the exclusive sense of the word, and
has nothing to do with the education of women.</p> |
- <foreign>: A word or phrase is in quotation marks, italisized or set apart in some way because it not the predominant language used in the text.
- Attempt to identify the language using the "xml:lang" attribute and a two-letter (as opposed to the three-letter) code according to the ISO 639 standard. See example below.
- <distinct>: A word or phrase is in quotes or set apart in some way because it is linguistically distinct such as slang or regional dialect.
Anything else that appears in quotes but is neither <quote>, <said>, <foreign> or <distinct> does not need to be differentiated in the markup.
Retain the quotation marks printed in the text. Tags should surround the quotation marks when present.
Quotes can come within quotes, such as when one speaker quotes someone else. If there is an external quote inside an internal quote, for instance, a character quotes the bible, the correct tags will be used to delineate between the two distinct types of quotes.
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<p>Henry blustered,
"<said who="#henry">I know you</said>.
<quote>'Thou Shalt Not Kill.'</quote>"
</p>
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<p>I had four days of <distinct>"hanging on."</distinct>
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<p>
<said who="#jack"><foreign xml:lang="fr">C'est la vie</foreign></said>, said Jack.
</p>
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Letters
Letters commonly appear within prose texts and should be encoded as <floatingText> with <div type="letter">.
- Use
<opener> if the letter contains a dateline, salutation or other opening content. - Use
<salute>, <dateline>, etc. when present
- Use
<closer> if letter has closing content like signature, dateline, etc. - Use
<signed> if name appears in the closing
- Use
<postscript> to encode P.S. content
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<floatingText>
<body>
<div type="letter">
<byline>OFFICE OF TREASURER OF STATE, INDIANA
INDIANAPOLIS, November 27, 1858. </byline>
<opener>
<salute>Hon. A. A. Hammond, President of the Senate of
Indianapolis:</salute>
</opener>
<p>In answer to a resolution of your honorable body concerning the
condition of the "school fund" during the present and past years,
I beg leave to submit that
<pb xml:id="VAA8558-01-056" n="48"/>
the report of the Auditor of State to the Legislature, which
will be before you in a day or two, contains all
the information you desire on that subject; and the previously
submitted reports of this officer to the Governor and the Legislature
contain the history of his fund during the time specified in the
resolution.</p>
<closer>
<salute>Very respectfully,</salute>
<salute>Your obedient servant,</salute>
<signed>AQUILLA JONES, Treas. of State.</signed>
</closer>
<postscript>
<label>P.S.</label>
<p>The reports also contain information on the school corporations'
voting history.</p>
</postscript>
</div>
</body>
</floatingText>
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Closers
See VWWP TEI P5 Encoding Guidelines for more information about letter closers.
Page Breaks
For more information on how to encode page breaks see the page break section of the general guidelines.
Back Matter
See the Back Matter page for more detailed information.
Problems
If a part of the prose text that you are trying to encode does not fit one of the above described features, document the problem in the VWWP Encoding Problems page.
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